Biomarkers

Getting Started

Indices

Inflammation

Muscle

Bone and mineral

Glucose and insulin

Lipids

Nerve and blood vessel

Oxidative stress and fibrosis

Kidney and protein

Cartilage

Each biomarker has its own page with a live reference range card, what it measures, how to read a high or low result, and notes on testing.

How to read a range

Every biomarker has a healthy range, read as the middle 95% of healthy values. From that:

Direction says which way is bad:

Direction	Meaning
↑ Bad	A raised value is the concern. A low one is not flagged as a concern.
↓ Bad	A lowered value is the concern.
Normal best	Either side is a concern.
Context	Either side may matter, depending on the person.

The card colour steps up with |Z| using the status colours. See Reference Range for the full scale.

Biomarker	Name	Unit	Healthy range	Direction
hs-CRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein	mg·L⁻¹	0.2–3	↑ Bad
CRP	C-reactive protein	mg·L⁻¹	0.1–4.9	↑ Bad
NLR	Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio	—	1–3	↑ Bad
IL-6	Interleukin-6	pg·mL⁻¹	0.5–7	↑ Bad
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-α	pg·mL⁻¹	1–8	↑ Bad

Biomarker	Name	Unit	Healthy range	Direction
CK-MM	Creatine kinase, muscle isoenzyme	U·L⁻¹	50–170	↑ Bad
Aldolase A	Aldolase A	U·L⁻¹	1.2–7.5	↑ Bad
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor-1	ng·mL⁻¹	90–360	↓ Bad
Myostatin	Myostatin	ng·mL⁻¹	2–12	↑ Bad

Biomarker	Name	Unit	Healthy range	Direction
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinase-9	ng·mL⁻¹	20–140	↑ Bad
CTX-II	C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type II collagen	pg·mL⁻¹	120–450	↑ Bad
PTH	Parathyroid hormone	pg·mL⁻¹	15–65	↑ Bad
Ca/P ratio	Calcium-to-phosphorus ratio	—	2–2.8	Normal best
Vitamin D	25-hydroxyvitamin D	ng·mL⁻¹	30–100	↓ Bad
Osteocalcin	Osteocalcin	ng·mL⁻¹	11–43	↓ Bad
PINP	Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide	ng·mL⁻¹	20–80	↓ Bad

Biomarker	Name	Unit	Healthy range	Direction
FBS	Fasting blood sugar	mg·dL⁻¹	70–99	↑ Bad
FSI	Fasting serum insulin	µIU·mL⁻¹	2–20	↑ Bad
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin	%	4–5.6	↑ Bad

Biomarker	Name	Unit	Healthy range	Direction
TC	Total cholesterol	mg·dL⁻¹	120–199	↑ Bad
LDL-C	Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol	mg·dL⁻¹	50–99	↑ Bad
HDL-C	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol	mg·dL⁻¹	40–80	↓ Bad
TG	Triglycerides	mg·dL⁻¹	50–149	↑ Bad

Biomarker	Name	Unit	Healthy range	Direction
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor	ng·mL⁻¹	15–40	↓ Bad
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor	pg·mL⁻¹	30–250	Context
NOx	Nitric oxide metabolites (nitrate + nitrite)	µmol·L⁻¹	20–60	↓ Bad
NGF	Nerve growth factor	pg·mL⁻¹	20–80	↓ Bad
Substance P	Substance P	pg·mL⁻¹	30–200	↑ Bad
GFAP	Glial fibrillary acidic protein	pg·mL⁻¹	20–120	↑ Bad
ET-1	Endothelin-1	pg·mL⁻¹	0.5–3	↑ Bad

Biomarker	Name	Unit	Healthy range	Direction
MDA	Malondialdehyde	µmol·L⁻¹	1–3.5	↑ Bad
TGF-β1	Transforming growth factor-β1	ng·mL⁻¹	1–8	↑ Bad
TIMP-1	Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1	ng·mL⁻¹	60–180	↓ Bad

Biomarker	Name	Unit	Healthy range	Direction
eGFR	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	mL·min⁻¹·1.73 m⁻²	90–120	↓ Bad
Cr	Creatinine, serum	mg·dL⁻¹	0.7–1.3	↑ Bad
BUN	Blood urea nitrogen	mg·dL⁻¹	7–20	↑ Bad
UA	Uric acid	mg·dL⁻¹	3.5–7.2	↑ Bad
Urea	Serum urea	mg·dL⁻¹	15–40	↑ Bad
ALB	Serum albumin	g·dL⁻¹	3.5–5	↓ Bad

Biomarker	Name	Unit	Healthy range	Direction
COMP	Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein	ng·mL⁻¹	200–600	↑ Bad

Groups of these biomarkers are combined into composite scores, such as the CBMI and CBVAI. See Indices for all five and how they are calculated.

The list is in @workspace/ui/lib/biomarkers, with the same ids as these pages.

This section is general information, not medical advice.